Minggu, 30 November 2014

[Z451.Ebook] Get Free Ebook Engage: A Youth Worker's Guide to Creating a Culture of Mentoring, by Mike Harder

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Engage: A Youth Worker's Guide to Creating a Culture of Mentoring, by Mike Harder

Mentoring is at the core of any strong ministry. If you want to make an impact on a school, a community, or a nation, it starts with investment in one student by a caring volunteer who believes in the potential of that one. Mike Harder, a 25-year youth ministry veteran, has invested his life in imparting to others what he has learned about following Jesus and living according to his mission. The pages of this book flow from his experiences. Getting young people in the doors may be a great feat, but being part of God.s work transforming their lives is a greater one. If we are going to impact young people today in our churches, we need to be willing to go beyond surface relationships and invest in their lives. It will be hard and time consuming, but the impact will reach beyond what we could imagine.

  • Sales Rank: #2089812 in Books
  • Published on: 2012-10-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.90" h x .30" w x 6.00" l, .45 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 128 pages

About the Author
Mike has been in youth ministry for over 25 years. He enjoys running, reading, coaching soccer, and equipping, training and mentoring today.s leaders. He is a frequent speaker at college campuses, conferences and retreats in the USA and Eastern Europe. He and his wife Teresa live in the Philadelphia metro area with their three children- Nathan, Lauren and Arianna. Mike is presently the pastor of youth at BranchCreek Community Church where he gives oversight to Middle School, High School and Young Adults.

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4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Changing Focus of Youth Ministry Today
By Tricia Wilson
In "Engage", Mike Harder focuses on an often overlooked but essential component of youth ministry - mentoring. It's easy to plan activities and hang out with students once or twice a week at church and youth group; it's much harder to engage with them and really "do" life together. It takes time, it takes investment, it takes intention and sometimes, frankly, it's really, really hard.

Throughout the book, Mike tells stories of students he and his wife have mentored throughout their years in youth ministry. The focus on being intentional in how they spend their time with the students is key here. It doesn't need to be a big, planned out production - it can be as simple as having a student come along when you run errands or clean up the house. The key to being a true mentor is letting someone else into your life, as it is, in hopes that he or she will take something positive away to apply to his or her own life.

I appreciated the chapter that focused not on preaching to the mentees about areas in their lives that could use improvement or redirection but instead asking questions that lead them to that self-assessment on their own, then helping guide them as needed.

In addition to the examples of students he and his wife have mentored over the years, Mike also focuses on those who have mentored him. This is a great reminder to never stop seeking out those who you can learn from in your field or areas in which you may want to grow.

Finally, Mike points out several times that you are not going to "click" with every person you think would be a good mentor or everyone you might want to mentor. That is something to remember and not allow to discourage you, especially in youth ministry. A student may not have the same connection to you as they would to another pastor or leader - and that's fine. The important thing is to find the right connection that will help them learn and grow in a healthy, positive relationship.

"Engage" is a well-written, thoughful look at mentoring - a must-read not only for those in youth ministry but also anyone interested in coaching, training or teaching.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Want to become an excellent, Christ-centered mentor for today's youth? If your answer is yes, pick up a copy of "Engage!"
By Edward White
Mike Harder delivers a masterfully written and practical guide for mentoring the next generation of Christ followers in "Engage: A Youth Worker's Guide to Creating a Culture of Mentoring." Mike reflects over his nearly three decades of experience in youth ministry to offer key principles and insights for today's youth pastors, and volunteer leaders. Mike writes this text with the purpose of reaching today's youth with strategic excellence; every adult who has a part in working with students needs to read this work!

Whenever I do a book review, I use the margins to write a star next to the paragraphs or phrases that stand out and are helpful. There are stars all over my copy of this book! As a youth director/pastor, one of my goals is to reach each one of my students and leaders with Biblically based mentoring techniques. In my context, synonyms for mentoring would be discipleship and shepherding; the core of my ministry, and my personal passion. However, the use of the word "mentoring" , as Mike uses it, opens the doors for all youth volunteers and leaders to exercise this very important practice. It is not just the youth pastor who should be doing regular "life-on-life" mentoring, but also the volunteer youth leaders (life-on-life mentoring being just one crucial aspect Mike talks about in this book).

In his Introduction, Mike gives the rationale for this entire text: "Why should you invest in mentoring relationships? Because Jesus set the model for you. Because the Bible and history are littered with examples of how mentoring relationships made a difference in individual lives and societies..." From the very start of this book, after thirty years of reflection, Mike centers and connects his purpose back to the God-man; Jesus Christ. Jesus made crystal clear in His ministry that investing focused time and strategic effort on others is at the core of the gospel message. As youth leaders, we need to take our example of how to mentor from Christ, and genuinely pour our lives into our youth. However, we must take one step further, and point our students to Jesus Christ and His Word in everything we do.

Again, this book is theologically and Biblically based, but it is also very practical. Mike tells numerous stories of his experiences in ministry to get his points of wisdom across to us in our contemporary, and often, challenging youth ministry contexts.
Mike speaks to numerous areas of of youth mentoring. A few of them are:
1. Identifying who you are personally as a leader, and what kind of students do you naturally connect with.
2. Don't try to be cool with the students. If you are a cool person, great. If not, just be yourself. Students can tell. Very easily!
3. Teach and live the Bible. "Trying to live your life without a foundational knowledge of God is like ripping a page out of a two-thousand page NASA manual and trying to fly the next mission to the moon. You would be doomed to fail" (75).
4. Establish healthy boundaries for mentoring; place of meeting and content of conversion. "Don't say anything you wouldn't be comfortable with the parents hearing."
5. Parents know much more about their teen than we do; don't try to replace the parents. Team up with the parents to best reach the students.
6. Know the direction and goals for the mentoring relationship between mentor(you) and mentee.
7. Be ready to end a mentoring relationship if that is what is needed.

Again, these are just a few of the many great points of wisdom that Mike addresses in "Engage."

If you do not own this text, please consider adding it to your library. It is an excellent resource; Bible based, Christ centered, and relevant for today's youth leaders. I will be going through this text with my youth leaders in near future; it's that good!

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Ahg
Well written and easy to understand. Thank you Mike .

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Selasa, 25 November 2014

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User's Guide to Powder CoatingFrom Society of Manufacturing Engineers

  • Sales Rank: #12588368 in Books
  • Published on: 1987
  • Binding: Paperback

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Minggu, 16 November 2014

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Geneva's Star, by Payton Lee

The love story of Samantha McGillinen of Geneva's Branch and Oakley Andrews. Oakley fell in love with her the moment he saw her. She was in danger, her family was in danger. He made his decision and took the first life in his career as a Pinkerton. Oakley saved her, her father, and her family. He was Samantha's hero. The love grew, but he was shy and she was only 15. They were meant to be parted until he conquered his demons and she grew into a woman. It was when she was grown they followed their hearts only to keep a secret.

  • Sales Rank: #14441812 in Books
  • Published on: 2011-02-03
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .64" w x 6.00" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 280 pages

About the Author
Payton Lee is the author of children's books and Historical Romance books. She writes for pleasure and hope her readers enjoy her stories. This is another saga in the McGillinen Geneva series.

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
The series
By Amazon Customer
I have read the complete Geneva series and I find the series very entertaining. However unlike this book I was fortunate enough to access them through obooko, a legal free website. At this website I was able to tolerate poor editing for the incorrect use of words that are very prevalent throughout Payton Lee's works. When I pay for a book I expect a higher standard unfortunately this was not evident. Even though the story is worth a higher rating unfortunately the poor editing distracted from the story.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Sheila K. Rivera
Amazing. I love it.

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Since World War II, civil wars have replaced interstate wars as the most frequent and deadly form of armed conflict globally. How do we account for when and where civil wars are likely to occur, when and how they are likely to end, and whether or not they will recur? In this timely book, leading scholars guide us through what the latest research tells us about the onset, duration, outcomes, and recurrence of civil wars, as well as the ongoing consequences of conflicts in war-torn countries such as Syria, Sudan, and Rwanda. In mapping out the current state of our knowledge about civil conflicts, the authors also identify what we do not know about civil wars. The book describes new directions in civil-war research, including transitional justice institutions in post-conflict environments, the “resource curse,” the role of women, and the relationship between the environment and civil conflict. The authors also highlight new trends in civil-war data collection that have enabled scholars to examine the geographic and temporal patterns of armed conflict. This authoritative text offers both an accessible and current overview of current knowledge and an agenda for future research.

With contributions by Halvard Buhaug, David E. Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham, Jacqueline H. R. DeMeritt, Karl DeRouen Jr., Paul F. Diehl, Andrew Enterline, Erika Forsberg, Scott Gates, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, Nils Petter Gleditsch, Caroline A. Hartzell, Cullen Hendrix, Jacob Kathman, Christopher Linebarger, T. David Mason, Erik Melander, Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, Alyssa K. Prorok, Idean Salehyan, Lee J. M. Seymour, Megan Shannon, Benjamin Smith, David Sobek, Clayton L. Thyne, Henrik Urdal, Joseph K. Young

  • Sales Rank: #969367 in Books
  • Published on: 2016-05-05
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.83" h x .72" w x 6.12" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 364 pages

Review
This outstanding collection of essays enlightens the reader about the onset, duration, and outcome of civil wars that plague the global community, resulting in massive casualties and destruction. Today, it is Syria; tomorrow it will be somewhere else. Mason and Mitchell have assembled contributions from many of the best scholars in the study of civil wars. Every chapter contains a wealth of up-to-date insights about one of the greatest challenges to global peace. (Todd Sandler, University of Texas at Dallas)

Students of conflict processes must, of necessity, cross analytical boundaries between inter-state and intra-state conflict, uncovering their interrelationships, commonalities, and differences. In What Do We Know about Civil Wars? T. David Mason and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell admirably address these tasks by bringing together top-notch scholars doing cutting-edge research on the onset, dynamics, and outcomes of civil wars. This is a must-have book for all who are concerned with conflict in the contemporary global system. (Harvey Starr, emeritus, University of South Carolina)

With stimulating essays that address why, how, and where civil wars break out, how long they last, why they end, and whether they recur, this book is a valuable resource for students, instructors, and researchers alike. Suitable for both advanced undergraduate and graduate courses, the volume not only covers existing theory and evidence, but highlights directions where further research is needed. (Will H. Moore, Arizona State University)

Since World War II, civil wars have replaced interstate wars as the most frequent and deadly form of armed conflict globally. In this timely book, leading scholars guide us through what the latest research has to tell us about civil war onset, the duration and outcomes of civil wars, the recurrence of civil wars, and the consequences of conflict in war-torn countries such as Syria, Sudan, and Rwanda. This authoritative text offers both an accessible and current overview of current knowledge and an agenda for future research.

About the Author
T. David Mason is Regents Professor and Johnie Christian Family Peace Professor, University of North Texas.
Sara McLaughlin Mitchell is professor and chair of the Department of Political Science, University of Iowa.

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Jumat, 14 November 2014

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Teaching English Pronunciation (Longman Handbooks for Language Teachers), by Joanne Kenworthy, J. Kenworthy

In part one, the book covers, 'Teaching and Learning Pronunciation', 'Intelligibility', 'Building Awareness and Concern for Pronunciation', Extending and Consolidating', 'Sounds and Spelling', and 'Integrated Pronunciation Teaching'. In part two, the book details specific issues different language speakers may have with English pronunciation (Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Turkish)

  • Sales Rank: #622236 in Books
  • Published on: 1989-01
  • Ingredients: Example Ingredients
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: .37" h x 7.42" w x 9.63" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 164 pages

Most helpful customer reviews

12 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Pure Practicality
By Brian Bear
"Teaching English Pronunciation" is a book entirely focused on the language classroom and the "how to" of doing pronunciation instruction. While there is some theoretical stuff there, it is very much in the backgroud to the practical side.

The book goes over issues such as sounds and spelling, introducing word stress and sounds, and so on. What I really liked was a section given to different languages and the problems their speakers have with pronouncing English sounds. Languages here include Arabic, Spanish, French, Chinese, Japanese, German, Italian and more. This is a very useful section to have access to.

Is this book worth $78 (at time of writing)? I am not sure. It is a small book for that price. However, it is a good book, as well. I would prefer others, myself, but this one was not too bad at all.

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Rabu, 12 November 2014

[W355.Ebook] Fee Download Chess Explained: The Queen's Indian, by Peter Wells

Fee Download Chess Explained: The Queen's Indian, by Peter Wells

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Chess Explained: The Queen's Indian, by Peter Wells

Chess Explained: The Queen's Indian, by Peter Wells



Chess Explained: The Queen's Indian, by Peter Wells

Fee Download Chess Explained: The Queen's Indian, by Peter Wells

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Chess Explained: The Queen's Indian, by Peter Wells

"I especially enjoyed The Queen's Indian by Peter Wells, who has a marvelous writing style. There are gems of wisdom in his notes, which can be detailed but not overly technical." - Cecil Rosner, Winnipeg Free Press

Chess Explained is a new series of books about chess openings. They are not theoretical works in the traditional sense, but more a series of lessons from a chess expert with extensive over-the-board experience with an opening. You will gain an understanding of the opening and the middlegames to which it leads, enabling you to find the right moves and plans in your own games. It is as if you were sitting at the board with a chess coach answering your questions about the plans for both sides, the ideas behind particular moves, and what specific knowledge you need to have.

The Queen's Indian is an important and popular opening at all levels of play. Black's flexible stance allows him to choose between a range of solid and dynamic structures. In turn, White can play flexibly, opposing Black's fianchetto, or can try to force the pace in the centre and start a hand-to-hand fight. It is an opening rich in nuances, and many of the modern main lines involve moves that look extravagant, but are backed up by a deep underlying logic.

"GM Wells surely has the best credentials to put such a concept into practice: not only his active praxis, but also his experience as trainer and author" - Gerd Treppner, Rochade

Peter Wells is a grandmaster from England who regularly competes in international tournaments and team events. He was runner-up in the British Championship in 1991, 1999 and 2004, and qualified for the knockout stages of FIDE's world championship in 1997. Wells is a much-acclaimed writer, noted for his work on both opening play and middlegame strategy. He has a wealth of experience as a trainer, including acting as a second for British super-GMs Luke McShane and Michael Adams.

"...aimed at the aspiring player who lacks a coach and needs a guide to explain what is important in the opening, what the reliable variations are and what typical middlegame plans crop up time and time again. Wells does all this and more in a book that is a pleasure to read..." - IM John Donaldson, USA Team Captain

"Rather than focus on variation after variation in a database style or the old opening manual style of Modern Chess Openings, [Gambit] have focused instead on explaining the ideas behind the opening and have done so in a manner that will appeal to the novice or intermediate player rather than an expert or a master. While other publishers have also done this, ... the key difference for Gambit is the length to which their author, in this case Peter Wells, explains the kinds of middlegames that each variation tends to create and the depth and clarity of the annotation of the explanatory game." - Bill Whited, www.chesscountry.com

  • Sales Rank: #526798 in eBooks
  • Published on: 2013-12-13
  • Released on: 2013-12-13
  • Format: Kindle eBook

About the Author

Peter Wells is a grandmaster from England who regularly competes in international tournaments and team events. He was runner-up in the British Championship in 1991, 1999 and 2004, and qualified for the knockout stages of FIDE's world championship in 1997. Wells is a much-acclaimed writer, noted for his work on both opening play and middlegame strategy. He has a wealth of experience as a trainer, including acting as a second for British super-GMs Luke McShane and Michael Adams.

Most helpful customer reviews

13 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Good stuff
By Slavoljub
I'm not going to judge to Queen's Indian Defence. It's reliable and used by many of the top Grand Masters around the world. That's all I'll say about that. The book, however, does a great job of providing explanitary prose so that we may learn this most playable and dynamic opening. The book's primary aim, I think, is to provide a playable repetiore against 1.d4, provide some analysis, but mainly emphasise understanding of the ideas and strategies behind black's and white's moves.
If you're considering taking up the Queen's Indian Defence as black, then this book will definitely help. Highly Recommended.

4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Very good
By Fredrik Josefsson
Being rated around 2000 I have just taken up 1.d4 seriously. This is my first book on this opening and it is very good in explaining the ideas. It doesn't show every possible variation, but as the author often says: "this position should be familiar". When I look through my games I often find themes that related to one of the example games in the book. However, at a higher level, this it probably not the book for you. Basically its purpose is to explain the ideas.

A big plus that it is, for my, at the exact right level. Many diagrams explaining lots of ideas, even in the side variation. This is a book that can be read without a board, although I suggest to download the games he refers to in the variations. You need to understand such concepts as "weak pawns", "open files" and "advantage of the bishop pair", so perhaps 1800 and up is a good level.

Very happy to see the author going into the endgames in many games, which is neglected in many books that only show you the opening moves. Also thankfully, the author never uses those += symbols that often are often useless.

12 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
Atrocious Writing
By WBS
I like the presentation of the material -- the author explains the ideas behind the typical structures arising from this opening and gives some of the history, and he illustrates the main opening variations with complete games, explained throughout with text rather than endless variations.

It's unfortunate, however, that neither the author nor his editor appear to have even a basic command of English. Opening to a random page, I find by way of example the following: "The realization that an inaccuracy has granted the opponent an unnecessary active resource can be a very disorientating experience and even for a player of Beliavsky's enormous class ...." "Disorientating"? I find the use of that word rather disorienting. "Enormous" class?! A chess player may have an enormous talent or belly, but his class is high or low, it's not measured by size. This isn't mere quibbling. The author's insistence on (mis)using 25 words where 3 would have expressed the point clearly is not just transparently pretentious, it makes the read extraordinarily frustrating as you have to spend energy figuring out what the author meant by his gibberish.

Thus, instead of "the text-move is still considered solid notwithstanding the recent fashionability of 4...Ba6," we get the following: "However, for all that, it would feel like a blow to the prestige of the Queen's Indian if the unpretentious text-move were to be found wanting and fortunately it is fair to say that this, so far as I know, has never been seriously suggested." And so it goes, Qa4 is "emphatically not a preface to Qxa7," and you can only scratch your head over what "a soothing influence on the central light squares" means. I rate this book a very conflicted 3 stars instead of 5 because, although I love the great material in here, the effort required of the reader to translate each sentence of gobbledygook into a coherent thought ends up making you want to throw the book against the wall.

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Selasa, 11 November 2014

[L933.Ebook] Fee Download Memoirs 1925-1950, by George F. Kennan

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Memoirs 1925-1950, by George F. Kennan

Memoirs 1925-1950, by George F. Kennan



Memoirs 1925-1950, by George F. Kennan

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Memoirs 1925-1950, by George F. Kennan

Book, memoir

  • Sales Rank: #345176 in Books
  • Published on: 1983-08-12
  • Released on: 1983-08-12
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 5.50" h x 5.25" w x 1.75" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 596 pages

Most helpful customer reviews

13 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
History and lessons from US diplomatic relations, 1925-50
By Leonard J. Wilson
George F. Kennan's Memoirs: 1925-1950 provide a fascinating personal and diplomatic history of these years based on his experience at the center of many of the most important events during his quarter century of diplomatic service. This history is interspersed with numerous insights from his philosophy of how US foreign policy should be formulated that are quite applicable today. Finally, Kennan's Memoirs provide a rich background that is useful in digesting his numerous books on diplomatic history. As John LeCarre put it, if a writer claims to have written the definitive work on the hill tribes of northern Burma, it would be useful to know that he has at least been south of Minsk. Kennan has definitely been south of Minsk.

Kennan entered the Foreign Service in 1925 fresh out of Princeton and was posted to Berlin. Upon learning that the government paid a premium to officers with skills in exotic languages (pretty much any non-western European language), he enrolled in the Russian graduate program at the University of Berlin. After completing his Russian training, he was posted to Riga, Latvia, which served as the US listening post on Soviet affairs since we did not have diplomatic relations with Moscow until 1933. In 1933, Kennan was selected by the newly appointed ambassador to accompany him (as translator, aide, and country expert) on his first trip to Moscow, to open an embassy, find a suitable building, recruit local staff and so on. After a brief stay in Moscow, the ambassador returned to the US to recruit a diplomatic staff, leaving Kennan, about age 30, to fly solo as the only US diplomat in Russia.

Reassigned to Prague in 1938, Kennan arrived on the same day as the Munich conference that effectively ended Czechoslovakia's existence. He stayed in place as the lone American diplomat in Prague for a year after the fall of Czechoslovakia, reporting on the German occupation. After a year, the Germans insisted that he move to Berlin to maintain his diplomatic status. He remained assigned to the Berlin embassy until Germany declared war on the US in 1941 and was then interned along with the rest of the US diplomatic mission. Throughout the six months that it took the US and Germany to arrange an exchange of diplomatic internees, Kennan was the senior US internee, with responsibilities for the entire staff. Upon arriving in Portugal after the exchange of personnel, he was notified that he and the other internees would not be paid their salaries for the last six months since they had not been working! Not discouraged by this resounding "Welcome Home", Kennan proceeded to negotiate the use of the Portuguese Azores as a refueling stop for US aircraft enroute to Britain, not a small feat since Portugal was under direct pressure from Franco's Spain (at Hitler's direction) to consider the serious impact that providing military bases to the allies would have on Spanish (and German) perceptions of Portugal's neutrality. Somehow, Portugal managed to provide the bases without being dragged into the war.

Late in the war, Kennan returned to Moscow where as early as 1944 he observed that US and Soviet post-war goals were becoming increasingly incompatible. After Stalin's refusal to either assist the Polish uprising against their German occupiers in 1944 or to allow the US to provide assistance from bases in Soviet held territories had resulted in the slaughter of the Poles, Kennan increasingly advocated a distancing of US policy from support to the Soviet Union. In essence, his position was that we should recognize that we could do little of a practical nature to prevent the Red Army from occupying eastern and central Europe; on the other hand, we needed to make clear to the world that we neither supported nor condoned the occupation. Throughout this period, US policy seemed inflexibly wedded to the idea that the Soviet Union was one of our closest allies, despite the fact that Stalin had chosen to ally himself with Hitler rather than Britain and France when he concluded the 1939 Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact which enabled Hitler to invade Poland without fear of fighting a two front war.

Kennan's trepidation about US-Soviet relations culminated in his "long telegram" from Moscow to the State Department which laid the foundations for the policy of containment. In Kennan's mind, containment was primarily a political and economic, rather than military, policy. His views led to the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe, thereby reducing the appeal communism to Europeans. As Secretary of State, General Marshall invited Kennan to form and lead a Policy Planning Staff with a charter to provide analytic papers and policy proposals directly to the Secretary. When Dean Acheson replaced Marshall as Secretary, he revised Kennan's charter to one of coordinating policy papers among the multitude of Assistant Secretaries (who could seldom agree on where to have lunch). Realizing that his job would become that of a bureaucratic coordinator rather than an independent advisor to the Secretary, Kennan retired from government service to pursue an academic career where he believed he might have more influence on US foreign policy.

There is much in Kennan's Memoirs: 1925-1950 of continuing significance for American foreign policy. Some of his key observations include:

* Regrettably, both the American people and their governments tend to seek universals in foreign policy, trying to apply the same policies to all countries despite their differences. We seem to have a similar naiveté in viewing all nations as either close friends of implacable foes, with no middle ground.

* US foreign policy is too often based on domestic political concerns, particularly in thee next election. Our national leaders seem to have had a universal urge to claim that their diplomatic policies have been great successes. In reality, diplomacy is a two party relationship where success depends on both parties actions and on the existence of common goals. Pretending otherwise results in short sighted and inconsistent policies. Throughout WWII and the early post war years, our national leaders sought to collect domestic political capital by emphasizing how well they were getting along with Stalin.

* The Anglo-American alliance won WWII but was not strong enough to win it without allying with one of our enemies (the USSR) and in the process we failed to make clear to ourselves and our people that this alliance was one of convenience and not one of shared values, principles, or goals. In reality, the only goal we shared was the defeat of Hitler.

* Following the end of WWII, Soviet aggressive action against European countries not already overrun by the advance of the Red Army proceeded largely by means of Soviet recruitment, supply and encouragement of indigenous communist stooges, rather than by direct Soviet military action. The antidote for this threat, in Kennan's mind, was the economic redevelopment of Europe via the Marshall Plan, of which Kennan was a major conceptual contributor, not by direct US military involvement. Since the communist threat came from indigenous elements, rather that Soviet forces, direct US military involvement would have placed us in the position of the outside force opposing local political and military forces. Direct military involvement would have acted to our detriment and to the benefit of the local and Russian communists.

* Kennan harkens back to George Washington's caution against entangling alliances. In his view, forming alliances is fraught with difficulties of inclusion and exclusion. There is a natural tendency toward inclusive alliances, which stems from the desire to make the alliance appear both broadly supported and formidable. However, not every country that might seek to join an alliance is a desirable candidate. Some may be geographically remote from the core of he alliance and, therefore, hard to protect. Some may not share the alliance's core values. Alliances are almost always directed against some actual, potential, or perceived threat, such as the many US led alliances against the Soviet Union. Expanding an alliance in a manner that encircles the adversary may provoke a more aggressive response than would have been forthcoming had the alliance been less encircling. On the other hand, one would not want to create the impression that a country was outside the alliance's area of interest by excluding it from alliance membership, unless, of course, it really was and we were prepared to see it overrun or its government overthrown.

Sadly, Kennan's Memoirs: 1925-1950 are out of print. They deserve wider attention in both academia and government.

28 of 28 people found the following review helpful.
A Fascinating Life, a Penetrating Look
By James R. Mccall
"Experience had convinced us that far more could be learned by careful, scholarly analysis of information legitimately available concerning any great nation than by the fanciest arrangements of clandestine intelligence."(p48)
"In the face of this knowledge, [of the inevitable Russion domination of Poland] I could only feel that there was something frivolous about our whole action in this Polish question. I reflected on the lightheartedness with which great powers offer advice to smaller ones in matters affecting the vital interests of the latter. I was sorry to find myself, for the moment, a part of this. And I wished that instead of mumbling words of official optimism we had had the judgment and the good taste to bow our heads in silence before the tragedy of a people who have been our allies, whom we have helped to save from our enemies, and whom we cannot save from our friends."(pp209/10)
"The strength of the Kremlin lies largely in the fact that it knows how to wait. But the strength of the Russian people lies in the fact that they know how to wait longer."(p511)
[On the German war crime trials] "I have already mentioned my aversion to our proceeding jointly with the Russians in matters of this nature. I should not like to be misunderstood on this subject. The crimes of the Nazi leaders were immeasurable. These men had placed themselves in a position where a further personal existence on this earth could have had no positive meaning for them or for anyone else. I personally considered that it would have been best if the Allied commanders had had standing instructions that if any of these men fell into the hands of Allied forces they should, once their identity had been established beyond doubt, be executed forthwith.
"But to hold these Nazi leader for public trial was another matter. This procedure could not expiate or undo the crimes they had committed. It could have been justified only as a means for conveying to the world public the repudiation, by the conscience of those peoples and governments conducting the trial, of mass crimes of every sort. To admit to such a procedure a Soviet judge as the representative of a regime which had on its conscience not only the vast cruelties of the Russian Revolution,of collectivization, and of the Russian purges of the 1930s, as well as the manifold brutalities and atrocities perpetrated against the Poles and the peoples of the Baltic countries during the wartime period, was to make a mockery of the only purpose the trials could conceivably serve, and to assume, by association, a share of the responsibility for these Stalinist crimes themselves."(pp260/1)
This is a great book. It shows the progress of a fine mind possessed of a practical scholarship and a moral voice in what were often excrutiatingly ambiguous circumstances.
Kennan was in Moscow in 1935 when Stalin began the purges; he was in Prague in 1938 when Germany invaded the Sudetenland; he was in Berlin when Germany declared war on the U.S.; he was the chief architect of the Marshall plan. Of course, he is associated with our Cold War policy of "containment" of the Soviet Union, an association that he regrets, since very little of it reflects his thinking. The book is a fascinating look at modern power politics from a bemused, but acute, inside observer.

4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
History and lessons from US diplomatic relations, 1925-50
By Leonard J. Wilson
George F. Kennan's Memoirs: 1925-1950 provide a fascinating personal and diplomatic history of these years based on his experience at the center of many of the most important events during his quarter century of diplomatic service. This history is interspersed with numerous insights from his philosophy of how US foreign policy should be formulated that are quite applicable today. Finally, Kennan's Memoirs provide a rich background that is useful in digesting his numerous books on diplomatic history. As John LeCarre put it, if a writer claims to have written the definitive work on the hill tribes of northern Burma, it would be useful to know that he has at least been south of Minsk. Kennan has definitely been east of Minsk.

Kennan entered the Foreign Service in 1925 fresh out of Princeton and was posted to Berlin. Upon learning that the government paid a premium to officers with skills in exotic languages (pretty much any non-western European language), he enrolled in the Russian graduate program at the University of Berlin. After completing his Russian training, he was posted to Riga, Latvia, which served as the US listening post on Soviet affairs since we did not have diplomatic relations with Moscow until 1933. In 1933, Kennan was selected by the newly appointed ambassador to accompany him (as translator, aide, and country expert) on his first trip to Moscow, to open an embassy, find a suitable building, recruit local staff and so on. After a brief stay in Moscow, the ambassador returned to the US to recruit a diplomatic staff, leaving Kennan, about age 30, to fly solo as the only US diplomat in Russia.

Reassigned to Prague in 1938, Kennan arrived on the same day as the Munich conference that effectively ended Czechoslovakia's existence. He stayed in place as the lone American diplomat in Prague for a year after the fall of Czechoslovakia, reporting on the German occupation. After a year, the Germans insisted that he move to Berlin to maintain his diplomatic status. He remained assigned to the Berlin embassy until Germany declared war on the US in 1941 and was then interned along with the rest of the US diplomatic mission. Throughout the six months that it took the US and Germany to arrange an exchange of diplomatic internees, Kennan was the senior US internee, with responsibilities for the entire staff. Upon arriving in Portugal after the exchange of personnel, he was notified that he and the other internees would not be paid their salaries for the last six months since they had not been working! Not discouraged by this resounding "Welcome Home", Kennan proceeded to negotiate the use of the Portuguese Azores as a refueling stop for US aircraft enroute to Britain, not a small feat since Portugal was under direct pressure from Franco's Spain (at Hitler's direction) to consider the serious impact that providing military bases to the allies would have on Spanish (and German) perceptions of Portugal's neutrality. Somehow, Portugal managed to provide the bases without being dragged into the war.

Late in the war, Kennan returned to Moscow where as early as 1944 he observed that US and Soviet post-war goals were becoming increasingly incompatible. After Stalin's refusal to either assist the Polish uprising against their German occupiers in 1944 or to allow the US to provide assistance from bases in Soviet held territories had resulted in the slaughter of the Poles, Kennan increasingly advocated a distancing of US policy from support to the Soviet Union. In essence, his position was that we should recognize that we could do little of a practical nature to prevent the Red Army from occupying eastern and central Europe; on the other hand, we needed to make clear to the world that we neither supported nor condoned the occupation. Throughout this period, US policy seemed inflexibly wedded to the idea that the Soviet Union was one of our closest allies, despite the fact that Stalin had chosen to ally himself with Hitler rather than Britain and France when he concluded the 1939 Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact which enabled Hitler to invade Poland without fear of fighting a two front war.

Kennan's trepidation about US-Soviet relations culminated in his "long telegram" from Moscow to the State Department which laid the foundations for the policy of containment. In Kennan's mind, containment was primarily a political and economic, rather than military, policy. His views led to the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe, thereby reducing the appeal communism to Europeans. As Secretary of State, General Marshall invited Kennan to form and lead a Policy Planning Staff with a charter to provide analytic papers and policy proposals directly to the Secretary. When Dean Acheson replaced Marshall as Secretary, he revised Kennan's charter to one of coordinating policy papers among the multitude of Assistant Secretaries (who could seldom agree on where to have lunch). Realizing that his job would become that of a bureaucratic coordinator rather than an independent advisor to the Secretary, Kennan retired from government service to pursue an academic career where he believed he might have more influence on US foreign policy.

There is much in Kennan's Memoirs: 1925-1950 of continuing significance for American foreign policy. Some of his key observations include:

* Regrettably, both the American people and their governments tend to seek universals in foreign policy, trying to apply the same policies to all countries despite their differences. We seem to have a similar naiveté in viewing all nations as either close friends of implacable foes, with no middle ground.

* US foreign policy is too often based on domestic political concerns, particularly in thee next election. Our national leaders seem to have had a universal urge to claim that their diplomatic policies have been great successes. In reality, diplomacy is a two party relationship where success depends on both parties actions and on the existence of common goals. Pretending otherwise results in short sighted and inconsistent policies. Throughout WWII and the early post war years, our national leaders sought to collect domestic political capital by emphasizing how well they were getting along with Stalin.

* The Anglo-American alliance won WWII but was not strong enough to win it without allying with one of our enemies (the USSR) and in the process we failed to make clear to ourselves and our people that this alliance was one of convenience and not one of shared values, principles, or goals. In reality, the only goal we shared was the defeat of Hitler.

* Following the end of WWII, Soviet aggressive action against European countries not already overrun by the advance of the Red Army proceeded largely by means of Soviet recruitment, supply and encouragement of indigenous communist stooges, rather than by direct Soviet military action. The antidote for this threat, in Kennan's mind, was the economic redevelopment of Europe via the Marshall Plan, of which Kennan was a major conceptual contributor, not by direct US military involvement. Since the communist threat came from indigenous elements, rather that Soviet forces, direct US military involvement would have placed us in the position of the outside force opposing local political and military forces. Direct military involvement would have acted to our detriment and to the benefit of the local and Russian communists.

* Kennan harkens back to George Washington's caution against entangling alliances. In his view, forming alliances is fraught with difficulties of inclusion and exclusion. There is a natural tendency toward inclusive alliances, which stems from the desire to make the alliance appear both broadly supported and formidable. However, not every country that might seek to join an alliance is a desirable candidate. Some may be geographically remote from the core of he alliance and, therefore, hard to protect. Some may not share the alliance's core values. Alliances are almost always directed against some actual, potential, or perceived threat, such as the many US led alliances against the Soviet Union. Expanding an alliance in a manner that encircles the adversary may provoke a more aggressive response than would have been forthcoming had the alliance been less encircling. On the other hand, one would not want to create the impression that a country was outside the alliance's area of interest by excluding it from alliance membership, unless, of course, it really was and we were prepared to see it overrun or its government overthrown.

Sadly, Kennan's Memoirs: 1925-1950 are out of print. They deserve wider attention in both academia and government.

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